What does the term "collateral damage" refer to?

The term "collateral damage" specifically refers to unintended damage or casualties that occur to non-combatants during military operations. This concept recognizes that while military actions may be directed at specific targets, there can be unintended consequences that impact civilians, infrastructure, and the surrounding environment. Collateral damage is a critical consideration in military strategy, as it raises ethical and legal implications under international humanitarian law.

Understanding collateral damage is important for military leaders and planners, as it emphasizes the need for strategies that minimize harm to civilians while achieving military objectives. This reflects the broader principle of distinction in combat operations, which aims to separate combatants from non-combatants and to protect civilian life and property wherever possible.